Creating village-level cooperatives to buy grain from outside sources and sell it locally reduced nutritional stress, especially among the young

Farmers with dried up wells cultivate less land with fewer profitable crops, while taking up relatively more off-farm employment opportunities

Subsidies need not be permanent to benefit farmers. Well-designed policy that encourages experimentation can generate widespread and lasting impacts.

Land reforms, whilst well-intended, misallocate land and labour across farms, thereby reducing average farm size and agricultural productivity

Evidence from land reform in El Salvador shows that private property rights are not necessarily more efficient than cooperative property rights

When exposed to harmful high temperatures, subsistence farmers increase their use of land and change their crop mix to mitigate the decline in output

Information services can substantially increase the productivity and profitability of smallholder farmers as long as certain criteria are met

Evidence from Tanzania shows fertiliser quality is not the problem, rather it is farmers’ perceived belief of bad fertiliser quality that is

Climate change could reduce farm incomes by 15-18%, and by as much as 20-25% in un-irrigated areas