In theory, responsible sourcing has ambiguous effects on workers; empirically, exposed workers benefit but with adverse knock-on effects

Poorer business owners settle for lower prices when bargaining with buyers

Upgrading within firms in developing countries is driven by increased know-how and certain buyer types

The productivity of innovation could be enhanced by reducing distortions in the economy; increasing R&D expenditure is no guarantee of growth

Exposure to foreign firms can induce knowledge transfers to domestic firms in close geographical proximity

Shortening intermediation chains does not necessarily lead to gains for consumers

English language courses for domestic managers improve their interactions with foreign managers, and potential employers value these interactions

Welfare gains from trade openness are dependent on whether trade results in a reallocation of resources towards or away from distorted sectors

It is well-known that risk-sharing networks can smooth shocks, but local production networks can also propagate shocks; policy should consider both