Even interventions with large average benefits do not help everyone, which is a serious challenge for education policy in developing countries

Conditional cash transfers improve child health outcomes in the short term and can improve educational outcomes in the longer term

Needs-based and merit-based scholarships improve the motivation and social mobility of low-income students

A combination of information and cash transfers is effective in changing maternal behavioural practices, which could bring down malnutrition

Progressive gender norms can be transmitted from teachers to students and improve classroom achievement through better cooperation among the sexes

The ground-breaking conditional cash transfer programme shows long-term benefits to education, income, geographic mobility and family formation

The use of double-fortified salt in school lunches reduced anaemia by 22–27% among schoolchildren aged 7 and 8 in Bihar, India

A mini-MBA programme for high-school students led to significant gains in profits, business capital investments, new businesses, and job creation

Public recognition rewards for well-performing public-sector teachers are less effective than in-kind rewards at improving student learning