Refugee flows are increasingly structural rather than temporary, and while most refugees remain in neighbouring low- and middle-income countries, evidence from high-income settings shows that early, well-sequenced integration policies make a decisive difference. Granting swift access to work, investing in language training and job matching, and aligning placement with labour market demand can turn short-term fiscal pressures into long-term economic gains for both refugees and host economies.

Migration acts as an escape valve for conflict in areas suffering from climate change, but does not increase conflict in destination countries