Farmer-to-farmer information diffusion is a cost-effective approach for improving practices and profits for smallholder dairy farmers in East Africa

Increasing the tenant’s share in output encourages profitable risk-taking, in addition to large effects on input levels

Collecting data using multiple survey methods can mitigate data errors that magnify the differences between low- and high-productivity farms

A shift from a state-led to an agribusiness-led development model in Kenya reallocated profits away from farmers towards agribusiness firms

Can policymakers speed up the adoption of modern agricultural technologies through peer-to-peer learning?

Targeting women directly with relevant information in ways that are appealing increases their agency, access to resources, and achievements in farming

Creating village-level cooperatives to buy grain from outside sources and sell it locally reduced nutritional stress, especially among the young

Farmers with dried up wells cultivate less land with fewer profitable crops, while taking up relatively more off-farm employment opportunities

Subsidies need not be permanent to benefit farmers. Well-designed policy that encourages experimentation can generate widespread and lasting impacts.