Martin Williams draws on over a decade of research across six African countries to explain why civil service reforms so often fall short, and what leaders should do instead.

The primary cause of incomplete infrastructure projects in Ghana is poor financial planning. This video documents the evolution of this study.

Project non-completion, commonly attributed to corruption or clientelism, is in fact often caused by an inability to prioritise public expenditure

Bureaucratic output is negatively associated with monitoring and incentive schemes but positively associated with the autonomy of mid-level bureaucrats