In Brazil, legalising outsourcing of security to specialised firms reduced hiring frictions, boosting formal jobs for young men, but came at a large and lasting cost to older guards in previously well-paid jobs.

Opening to trade can substantially increase local labour market concentration, but whether local firms exploit this to underpay workers depends on workers’ ability to substitute across versus within labour markets

Enhanced tax administration can increase government revenue collection from medium-sized firms in developing countries even more than raising tax rates