Massimiliano Cali is a Senior Economist in the World Bank’s Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan and Pakistan (MENAAP) region. At the World Bank, he has led macroeconomic and fiscal advisory work in Tunisia; trade and competitiveness advisory and lending in Indonesia; and trade, poverty, and conflict analytics in the Global Trade team. Prior to joining the Bank, he was a Research Fellow at the Overseas Development Institute and an economist at the Italian Embassy in Bolivia, and he consulted for the United Nations Development Programme, the UK Department for International Development, and the Asian Development Bank. His recent research examines how industrial and trade policies shape labor markets and firm dynamics in developing economies, as well as the economic causes and consequences of conflict. He holds a PhD in Economic Geography from the London School of Economics and Political Science.