Internal migration in Indonesia raises wages and improves access to formal employment for the workers left behind, particularly lower-educated workers, by easing labour supply pressures and reallocating jobs across the formal and informal sector.

Evidence from Indonesia shows school construction improves labour and marriage market outcomes, and benefits are transmitted intergenerationally

Low-skilled natives tend to be most affected by low-skilled migrants, but are high-skilled natives most affected by high-skilled migrants?

Cities don't make workers (much) more productive, but productive workers move to cities