Why is female labour force participation still so low in Egypt?
Egypt’s persistently low female labour force participation reflects not a lack of education, but structural barriers – segmented labour demand, heavy unpaid care burdens, restrictive social norms, and weak policy enforcement – that prevent women’s ed...
Does mandatory military service build nations?
Compulsory military service in Argentina strengthened national identity and social integration in the long run, but had no meaningful effect on civic behaviour, institutional trust, or broader socio-economic outcomes, demonstrating that nation-buildi...
Navigating Senegal’s unexpected debt crisis
Senegal enters 2026 with a soaring public debt and very limited degrees of freedom. So, what should the government do?
Vietnam’s economy: The remarkable story of the last 50 years
Vietnam’s economic transformation is one of the most dramatic in recent history. Economist and Advisor Pham Chi Lan saw it all and tells us how it happened.