Cocaine

Evidence from Brazil shows that an air interdiction policy in 2004 shifted cocaine routes to rivers, increasing violence in Amazonian municipalities.

Destroying illicit crops at the source is meant to weaken criminal economies and create space for development. Evidence from Colombia's aerial glyphosate programme tells a different story: eradication triggered income shocks that pulled children out ...

Cocaine moves through the same global trade networks as legal goods, with violence rising where criminal groups fight over ports and other chokepoints.

Announcements of future policies can have substantial unintended consequences and caused a surge of coca production in Colombia

Exposure to illegal labour markets in childhood leads to the formation of industry-specific human capital, putting children on a criminal life path