A four-year study of smallholder farmers in Malawi finds that combining cash transfers with intensive agricultural extension produces larger and more durable gains in crop production and household consumption than either intervention alone.

Exposure to less restrictive reproductive health policies via international migration leads to lower fertility in origin communities through the diffusion of new knowledge, preferences, and behaviour.

Warrantage is an innovative model of rural finance which improves access to credit and crop storage. In Burkina Faso, warrantage increased farmers’ sales revenues, which they spent on education, health, livestock, and future farm capital.