difference-in-difference

A viral 2015 documentary exposing China's air pollution led to measurable declines in land transaction value and area in more-exposed Chinese cities, as residents reconsidered where to live. The effect was strongest in cities reliant on land-based fi...

By making formalisation cheaper and easier, Brazil’s MEI programme helped millions of microentrepreneurs register – but delivered little in higher earnings, functioning instead as a subsidised expansion of social security access at a net fiscal cost.

After a Bangladesh factory fired workers following labour unrest, survivors who lost friends quietly cut output and quality to punish management.

Ethiopia’s industrial parks have substantially increased local economic activity, household living standards, and women’s empowerment, but the gains stay close to the parks and depend heavily on where parks are built.