Whilst bottom-up pressure from citizens can improve healthcare service delivery, there is a ceiling to the positive effects it generates

Soft skills certificates improve the allocation of workers to jobs, and raise earnings conditional on employment

Incentives that hold teachers accountable for achievement can increase education attainment when paired with adequate instructional resources

Short messages encouraging drug adherence can increase treatment completion. This approach is low cost and scalable.

An innovative community health programme providing financial incentives to health workers led to a 27% reduction in child mortality in rural Uganda

Financial incentives to community health promoters attract more applicants at the expense of crowding out pro-social preferences

Watching Queen of Katwe, a movie featuring an inspiring role model, improved Ugandan secondary school students’ national exam scores

While both vocational training and apprenticeships raise employment of poor Ugandan youth and are cost-effective in the long run, vocational training has larger impacts